Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: In den letzten Jahren haben neue Erkenntnisse der Schmerzforschung sowie die Erweiterung
der medikamentösen Therapieoptionen die Behandlung der postzosterischen Neuralgie
(PZN) entscheidend verändert. Diese Erkrankung, gehörig zu den neuropathischen Schmerzsyndromen,
erfordert eine frühe suffiziente Schmerztherapie, um einer Schmerzchronifizierung
entgegenzuwirken. Definition und Klinik der PZN: Eine PZN besteht beim Vorliegen einer Schmerzsymptomatik im vom Herpes Zoster betroffenen
Dermatom 6 Monate nach Abheilen der Zoster-Effloreszenzen. Das Alter stellt einen
großen Risikofaktor für die Ausbildung einer PZN dar: 50 – 75 % der Patienten zwischen
60 und 70 Jahren mit einem Herpes Zoster entwickeln eine PZN. Das klinische Erscheinungsbild
der PZN ist charakteristisch. 3 Schmerztypen können unterschieden werden: 1. brennender
Dauerschmerz, 2. kurze, einschießende Schmerzattacken, 3. heftigste Berührungsschmerzen
(mechanische Allodynie). Des Weiteren können Hyp- oder Anästhesie, Hypalgesie und
Par- oder Dysästhesien auftreten. Pathophysiologie neuropathischer Schmerzen: In den letzten Jahren konnten einzelnen Schmerzsymptomen die zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen
zugeordnet werden. Zu diesen gehören die Ausbildung von Spontanaktivität peripherer
Neurone sowie Sensibilisierungen peripherer und zentraler nozizeptiver Neurone. Therapie der PZN: Eine Grundregel der medikamentösen Therapie neuropathischer Schmerzen stellt die
konsequente Einnahme eines Präparats über mindestens 2 – 4 Wochen vor finaler Beurteilung
der Wirksamkeit dar. Systematische Reviews klinischer Studien zur medikamentösen Therapie
der PZN haben Therapieindikationen für Antidepressiva, Antiepileptika, Opioide und
topische Analgetika geliefert. Trizyklische Antidepressiva unterstützen deszendierende
schmerzhemmende Systeme auf spinaler Ebene in ihrer Wirkung. Die Antiepileptika Gabapentin
und Pregabalin entwickeln ihre analgetische Wirkung an Kalzium-Kanälen im ZNS. Carbamazepin
und Oxcarbazepin können für einige Patienten hilfreich sein, jedoch wurde deren Wirksamkeit
bisher in keiner kontrollierten Studie nachgewiesen. Orales Tramadol und Oxycodon
sind nachgewiesenermaßen wirksam bei PZN. Capsaicin und Lidocain sind topische Analgetika
mit nachgewiesener Wirksamkeit. Beide Wirkstoffe sind in Pflasterform für die lokale
Anwendung bei PZN zugelassen.
Abstract
Background: In the last years, new findings from the research on pain diseases and the enhancement
of therapeutic options have drastically changed the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia
(PHN). This disease, belonging to the neuropathic pain syndromes, needs an adequate
pain therapy at an early stage to prevent pain chronicity. Definition and Clinical Attributes of PHN: In 20 % of all cases of herpes zoster, the innervation territory of the trigeminal
nerve is affected. A PHN exists by definition in the case of persisting pain in the
zoster-affected area 6 months after healing of the zoster eruptions. The incidence
of PHN depends on the patient’s age: 50 – 75 % of patients in the seventh decade develop
PHN after an infection with herpes zoster. The clinical appearance of PHN is characteristic.
Three different pain types can be distinguished: 1. spontaneous, constant, burning
pain, 2. intermittent sharp, lancinating pain and 3. pain in response to a normally
non-painful stimulus (mechanical allodynia). Other phenomena which can be observed
are hyp- or anaesthesia, hypalgesia and par- or dysaesthesia. Pathophysiology of Neuropathic Pain: In the last few years, pathomechanisms of individual pain symptoms occuring in PHN
have been identified. These include peripheral and central sensitisation as well as
spontaneous activity of damaged afferent nociceptive fibres as the consequence of
changes in channels on the neuron’s membrane. Treatment of PHN: A basic rule in the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes is that the medication
should be taken for at least 2 – 4 weeks before making a final evaluation. Systematic
reviews of data from clinical trials of drug therapy for PHN have given distinct indications
for antidepressants, antiepileptics, opioid analgesics and topically acting agents.
Tricyclic antidepressants act on CNS pain-modulating descending pathways. The antiepileptics
gabapentin and pregabalin act on calcium channels on presynaptic terminals of afferent
nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine
may be helpful for some patients, but there is still a lack of controlled trials demonstrating
efficacy in the treatment of PHN. Oral oxycodone and tramadol are verifiable effective
drugs in PHN. Topically acting agents with verifiable efficacy in PHN are capsaicin
and lidocaine, both available in the form of patches for local use.
Schlüsselwörter
Herpes Zoster - postzosterische Neuralgie - neuropathischer Schmerz
Key words
herpes zoster - postherpetic neuralgia - neuropathic pain
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Prof. Dr. Ralf Baron
Sektion für Neurologische Schmerzforschung und -therapie, Klinik für Neurologie Universitätsklinikum
Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
Haus 41, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3
24105 Kiel
Phone: ++ 49/4 31/5 97 85 05
Fax: ++ 49/4 31/5 97 85 30
Email: r.baron@neurologie.uni-kiel.de